KARYOTYPIC STUDY OF THE COMMON INDIAN TOAD, DUTTAPHRYNUS MELANOSTICTUS, FROM JAMMU AND KASHMIR, INDIA
Keywords:
Karyotype, Chromosome, Duttaphrynus, C-banding, NOR, fundamental arm numberAbstract
Karyotypic study of two sexes of the toad species, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, was carried out using giemsa staining, C- banding and NOR banding methods, from Jammu and Kashmir, India. The basic chromosome number was found to be 2n=22, fundamental arm number (NF) was 44 with all the biarmed chromosomes and no sex chromosome heteromorphism was found. C-banding and NOR banding was also performed. Paracentric C-band was on the long arm of first homologous pair. Centromeric heterochromatin appeared as darkly stained C-bands on all the chromosomes of diploid complement, whereas Ag-NOR staining showed a pair of nucleolar organizer regions present on pair no. 7 on short arm i.e. 7p in both male and female karyotypes.
Downloads
References
Al-Shehri, A.A. and Al-Saleh, A. (2008).Karyotypes of Amphibians in Saudi Arabia. 3. The karyotyope of Bufo regularis. Asian Journal of Cell Biology, 3(2): 67-71.
Al-Shehri, A.H. and Al-Saleh, A.A. (2012).Report of Bufo tihamicus karyotype from Saudi Arabia.African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(16): 2120-2124. DOI: 10.5897/AJB12.2906
Amaro-Ghilardi, R.C., Silva, M.J.J., Rodrigues, M.T., Yassuda, Y.Y. (2008). Chromosomal studies in four species of genus Chaunus (Bufonidae, Anura): localization of telomeric and ribosomal sequences after fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Genetica,134: 159–168. DOI 10.1007/s10709-007-9218-6.
Bannerjee, S.N. (1987). Differential clastogenic sensitivity of heterochromatin and euchromatin evidenced in amphibian Bufo melanostictus. 6th All India Congress of Cytology and Genetics, pp. 3.
Baraquet, M., Valetti, J.A., Salas, N.E., Martino, A.L. (2011). Redescription of the karyotype of five species of the family Bufonidae (Amphibia: Anura) from central area of Argentina. Biologia, 66(3): 543-547.
Beccari, N. (1926). Le nombre des chromosomes dans les cellules genetales de Bufo viridis. CR Assoc. Anat., 21: (29-31).
Beckert, W.H. and Doyle, W. (1968).Bufo regularis, a twenty chromosome toad. Genet. Res. Cambridge, 11: 151-154.
Bogart, J. P. (1968). Chromosome number difference in the amphibian genus Bufo: the Bufo regularis species group. Evolution, 22 (1): 42-45.
Duda, P.L. and Koul, O. (1971). The karyotype of Bufo sp. From Kashmir (India). Chromosome Information Service, 12: 18-20.
Frost, D.R. (2013). Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.6 (9 January 2013). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
Howell, W. M. and Black, D. A. (1980). Controlled silver-staining of nucleolusorganizer regions with a protective colloidal developer: 1 -step method. Experientia, 36: 1014-1015.
Jing, G., Li-rui, Z., Lan, G. and Wei, W. (2009). Cytogenetics of Three Allopatric Bufo raddei Populations.Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 2009-01.DOI:CNKI:SUN:SCDW.0.2009-01-009
Jun, M. (1998).Investigation of the karyotype and Ag-NOR of Bufo melanostictus.Journal of Guangxi Medical University, 1998-04.DOI: cnki:ISSN:1005-930X.0.1998-04-008
Makino, S. (1932).Notes on chromosomes of Rana temporaria L. and Bufo sachalinensis (Nikolskii).Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo, 8: 23-26.
Manna, G.K. and Bhunya, S.P. (1966). A study of somatic chromosomes of both sexes of the common Indian toad, Bufo melanostictus Schnider. Caryologia, 19: 403-411.
Maxson, L.R. (1984). Molecular Probes of Phylogeny and Biogeography in Toads of the Widespread Genus Bufo. Mol. Biol. Evol., 1(4):345-356.
Odierna, G., Aprea G., Capriglione T., Castellano S. and Balletto E. (2007).Cytological evidence for population-specific sex chromosome heteromorphism in Palaearcticgreen toads (Amphibia, Anura).J. Biosci., 32(4): 763–768, Indian Academy of Sciences [http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci]
Odierna, G., Aprea G., Capriglione T., Castellano S. and Balletto E. (2004). Evidence for chromosome and Pst I satellite DNA family evolutionary stasis in the Bufo viridis group (Amphibia, Anura). Chromosome Research, 12: 671–681.
Phimphan, S. and Tanomtong, A. (2012).Standardized Karyotype and Idiogram of Common Indian Toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) by Conventional Staining and Ag-NOR banding Techniques. Article In Press.
Saba, N. and Tripathi, N.K. (2012). Meiotic Chromosomes and Karyotype of Bufo viridis (Laurenti, 1768) from Jammu and Kashmir. Bull. Environ. Pharmacol. Life Sci.; 1(6): 21- 25.
Schmid, M. (1982).Chromosome Banding in Amphibia VII.Analysis of the structure and variability of NOR’s in Anura. Chromosoma (Berl.), 87: 327-344.
Schmid, M., Steinlein, C. and Haaf, T. (2004).Chromosome banding in Amphibia.XXX. Karyotype aberrations in cultured fibroblast cells. Cytogenet. Genome Res., 104: 277-282 (DOI: 10.1159/000077502).
Sumner, A.T. (1972). A simple technique for demon¬strating centromeric heterochromatin. Exper.Cell Res., 75: 304-306.
Supaprom, T. and Kullayaprasit, P. (2000).The study of chromosome of bubble frog (Kaloula pulchra) and common Indian toad (Bufo melanostictus). In: Abstract of The Seminar Academic of Genetics 7th. pp. 107-109.
Volpe, E. and Gebhardt, B. (1968).Somatic chromosomes of marine toad, Bufo marinus (Linne).Copeia, 3: 570-575.
Yadav, A. S. and Neeru (2012). Karyological analysis of Indian toad, Bufo stomaticus Lutken, 1862 from Haryana (India). International Journal of Research in BioSciences, 1(1): 24-28. Available online at http://www.ijrbs.in
