GENDER DISPARITY AND POLICIES OF INCLUSION: A CASE STUDY OF WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Keywords:
Education, Female to Male Ratio, Gender Disparity, Jammu and Kashmir, WomenAbstract
Gender disparity has been a major issue in India’s pursuit for achieving the goal of universal elementary education. Education for women is the best way to improve the health, nutrition and economic status of a household that constitute a micro unit of a nation’s economy. In this context, it can be argued that lack of women’s education can be an impediment to the country’s economic development. However, despite this significance of the education the participation of women in the field of education is not very satisfactory. The present paper is based on secondary data obtained from Census of India 2001 and supplemented with State Digest of Statistics and government reports wherever necessary. Women in Jammu and Kashmir suffer disproportionately in education relative to the men. Women of the state have low literacy rate, show low enrolment ratio and exhibit high dropout ratio. There is no doubt that both government and NGO’s are making serious attempts at resolving gender inequality in education in education in Jammu in Kashmir, but there is still the need to make frantic efforts like implementation of Right to Education Act.
Downloads
References
Agrawal, M. (1986). Education and Modernization: A Study of Hindu and Muslim Women,
Educresearch Publications, New Delhi.
Ahmad, I. (1987). Educational Development of Minorities in India: Future Perspective,
Educational Planning and Administration, Vol.1, No.2, p.201.
Alvi, Z. A. (1977). Voluntary Social Work Organizations: A Study of Kashmir Valley.
University of Kashmir (Unpublished Thesis), p.86, pp.92-93.
Annual Status of Education Report, (2006). New Delhi. Retrieved April 21, 2011 from
www.Indiatogether.org.
ASHA: Kashmir NGOs appeal for support by Aravinda aid@vsnl.com
Bazaz, P. N. (1959). Daughters of the Vitasta: A History of Kashmiri Women from Early
Times to the Present Day, Pamposh Publications, New Delhi, p.211 and p.219.
Census of India (2001). Census of India: Jammu and Kashmir 2001, Paper-2 of 2001, Rural-
Urban Distribution of Population, Registrar General of India, New Delhi.
Dabla, B.A. (2007). Multi-Dimensional Problems of Women in Kashmir. Gyan Publishing
House, New Delhi, p. 43-44.
Das, N.M and Sagar, S.V. (2007). Practical Utility of Gender Study, in L. Murthy, N, et al.,
(Ed.) Towards Gender Equality, Serial Publications, New Delhi, p.52.
Drèze, Jean and M. Murthi, (2001). Fertility, Education, and Development: Evidence from
India, Population and Development Review, Vol. 27, No.1, pp.33-63.
Fershtman, Chaim and Uri Gneezy. (2001) “Discrimination in a Segmented Society: An
Experimental Approach.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.3, pp. 351-377..
GOI (2008). Department of School Education and Literacy (MoHRD), New Delhi, Retrieved
June 21, 2010 from http://ssa.nic.in/ssaframework/ssafram.asp#1.0.
GOI (2008). Dept of School Education and Literacy ( MoHRD), New Delhi, Retrieved April
, 2010 from http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch3b.pdf.
GOJK (2007-08). Digest of Statistics, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Srinagar,
PP.389-390, 393, 514, 516, 518, 520, 525-527 & 555-557.
GOJK (2008). Jammu and Kashmir State Report, January 21 – February 5, Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan, Seventh Joint Review Mission, Retrieved June 12 2010
http://www.ssa.nic.in/17pdf%20%20files/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20J&K_FINAL.pdf.
GOJK (2008-09). Economic Survey, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Srinagar, p.577.
Government of India (GOI). (2007), Guidelines for Implementation of Kasturba Gandhi
Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV). Dept of Elementary Education and Literacy (MoHRD), New Delhi,
Retrieved December 11, 2007 from http://education.nic.in/kgbv_guidelines.asp
Hasan, Z. and Menon, R. (2004). Unequal Citizens: A Study of Muslim Women in India,
Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Khan, F. A. (2005). Other Communities, Other Histories: A Study of Women and Education
in Kashmir, in Zoya Hassan and Ritu Menon (ed.): In A Minority: Essays on Muslim Women
in India. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, pp. 150-168.
Khan, G. H. (1973). The Kashmiri Musulman. Falah-e-aam Press Srinagar, Kashmir, pp.13-14.
King, E. M., & Hill, M. A. (Eds.). (1993). Women’s education in developing countries:
Barriers, benefits and policies. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
Knodel, J. (1997). The Closing of the Gender Gap in Schooling: The Case of Thailand.
Comparative Education, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 61-86.Menon, I. (1981). Status of Muslim Women
in India, Uppal Publications, New Delhi.
Muttalib, M.A. ed. (1989). Voluntary Action in Education, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi,
pp.57-61.
Rajan, S.R. (2010). Gender Disparity in Education-Extent and Factors-India in K. Ramesh
(ed.): Socio-Economic Disparities Among Social Groups in India. Serial Publications, New
Delhi, pp. 73-84.
Ramachandran, V. (2009). Towards Gender Equality in Education, NUEPA, New Delhi, p.7.
Roy, S. (1979). Status of Muslim Women in north India: A study in dynamics of change, B.R.
Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
Subbarao, K. and L. Raney, (1995). Social Gains from Female Education: A Cross-National
Study’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 44, No.1, pp.105-128.
Schultz, T. P., 1993, ‘Returns to Women’s Education’ chapter 2 in King, E and M Hill e(ds.)
Women’s education in developing countries, Johns Hopkins Press for the World Bank,
Washington D.C.
Siddiqui, M.A. (2004). Empowerment of Muslims through Education, Institute of Objective
Studies, New Delhi, p.278.
Social and Rural Research Institution of IMRB International. (2005). A Report on Out-of-
School Children. Report commissioned by the Ministry of Human Resource Development of
India, New Delhi.
GOJK, Social Sectors (2008). Education, Department of Education, Government of Jammu
and Kashmir. The official Website of Jammu & Kashmir Government, India, Retrieved on
April 3, 2008 from
http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch3b.pdf .
Srivastava, G. (2005). Women Education in India-Issues and Dimensions. Academic
Excellence, Delhi, p-7 and pp.125-129.
Stromquist, N. (1990). Gender inequality in Education: Accounting for Women’s
Subordination. British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol.11, No.2, pp.137-153.
Status of KGBVs sanctioned, operationalised and girls enrolled category-wise as on 31
January, 2008, Retrieved on May 8, 2008
http://ssa.nic.in/girlseducation/KGBV_enrolled_operational_15Jan08.pdf.
Tyndale B.C.E. (1998). Kashmir and Its Inhabitants. Shubhi Publications, Delhi, p. 257.
World Bank, 2004. “Project Appraisal Document: Elementary Education Project.” Report
-IN. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Yadav, N. (2003). Education for Women. Reference Press, New Delhi.
