A Sustainable Model of Social Bonding for Development of Tourism Destinations Prospecting a Case for the Indian Himalayan Region
Keywords:
Indian Himalayan Region, Tourism, Tourist, Social Psychology, Sustainable DevelopmentAbstract
Purpose: The purpose was about positing a new form of social bonding of tourists with destinations backed by social psychology theories and innovatively contributing to sustainable development. Methodology: An existing and massively successful work guarantee scheme in India was used as a reference for a simulated modeling system development for empowering the demanding people in destinations with the learning of English, Science, Technology, Entrepreneurship, Entertainment, and Management (ESTEEM) from tourists or visitors. Its qualitative design was based on a mix of ethnography, phenomenology, and several studies in the context of the tourism-attractive Indian Himalayan region, as case. Findings: The Model was not in any conflict with the tourism business. Instead, it offered rewards to tourists or visitors under ESTEEM sectors of work linked with the sustainable development goals. The findings at the pilot level considered 180 days of ESTEEM tourism with the absorption of ESTEEM services from 20 percent of total tourists in a select cluster of popular yet vulnerable destinations in the Indian Himalayan Region. Then, by multi-objective optimization of maximum stay days, maximum rewards, and minimum cost, involving 2 work sectors of Health and Education, the per capita cost of USD 3.5 was estimated for about 8 million beneficiaries. Implications: Finally, the Model was able to maintain its hypotheses around a unique form of social bonding for desired change and local development, that can be posited not only for the revival of tourism business, particularly after its damages caused by the Coronavirus pandemic and in general open new possibilities around strengthening societies. Originality: Thereby, instrumenting a novel approach for modeling sustainable development of destinations under the sustainable development goals 2030, leveraging on the human agencies under the massive tourism system.
Downloads
References
Ankit, G. (2020). COVID-19 impact: The hospitality sector's revenue loss is estimated at almost Rs 90,000 crore in 2020. https://www.cnbctv18.com/hospitality/COVID-19-impact-hospitality-sectors-revenue-loss-estimated-at-almost-rs-90000-crore-in-2020-6655261.htm
Anumeha, C. (2020). 174 million travel and tourism jobs could be lost in 2020 due to COVID-19 and travel restrictions: WTTC. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/174-million-travel-and-tourism-jobs-could-be-lost-in-2020-due-to-COVID-19-and-travel-restrictions-wttc/ articleshow/78948740.cms?from=mdr
Asad, A.A. (2020). COVID-19 impact and survival strategy in business tourism market: the example of the UAE MICE industry. Humanities and Social Science Communications. DOI:10.1057/s41599-020-00630-8
Baker, V. (2018). Tourism pressures: Five places tackling too many visitors. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-43700833
Ban, K.M. (2014). UN News Global perspective human stories. https://news.un.org/ en/story/2014/09/ 477962-feature-no-plan-b-climate-action-there-no-planet-b-says-un-chief
Chen, C.P. (2005). Career Human Agency. In: Marce K, Fabio A.D. (eds). Exploring New Horizons in Career Counselling. Sense Publishers. Rotterdam. doi: 10.1007/978-94-6300-154-0_5
DEST (2011). Environment Master Plan: Vulnerability Assessment. Government of Himachal Pradesh. http://dest.hp.gov.in
Dogan, G., & Christina, G.C (2020). Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on hospitality industry: review of the current situations and a research agenda. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management. 29(5), 527-529. doi:10.1080/19368623.2020.1788231
Editors CNT (2018). 15 beloved places struggling with over-tourism. Conde Nast Traveler. https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2015-06-19/barcelona-bhutan-places-that-limit-tourist-numbers
Emil, J., Doris, G.O, Maja, U.M (2017). Tourist Behaviour: An Overview of Models to Date. Management International Conference, Venice. http://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-7023-71-8/2.pdf
Erickson, A. (2020). Places that have been ruined by tourism. Reader's Digest. https://www.rd.com/ advice/travel/places-ruined-by-tourism/
Gayatri, S.A. (2018). Mountains Matter: Are the Indian Himalayas tourism-sustainable? Down to Earth. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/mountains-matter-are-the-indian-himalayas-tourism-sustainable--62453
Gorbachev, M. (2006). A New Glasnost for Global Sustainability. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. ETH Ζurich Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Hardingham, T. (2020). Log on in paradise: The exotic destinations inviting remote workers. CNN Travel. http://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/destinations¬_remote-workers/index.html
Harold Goodwin (2014). Responsible Tourism in Destinations-Introduction. https://responsibletourismpartnership.org/conferences/responsible-tourism-in-destinations-introduction/
IBEF (2019). Indian Tourism and Hospitality Analysis. https://www.ibef.org/industry/indian-tourism-and-hospitality-industry-analysis-presentation
India Tourism Statistics (2015). At a Glance. Market Division. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/Indiapercent20Tourismpercent20Bookpercent20English.pdf.
Institute of Hospitality (2020, March 21). The Gig Economy & Hospitality: A future to prepare for. https://www.instituteofhospitality.org/the-gig-economy-hospitality-a-future-to-prepare-for/
Javier de Esteban C, Arta A, Gurel C (2015). Theory of Science of Tourism: A Sociological and Epistemological Reflection. Journal of Tourismology. 1(1) doi:10.26650/jot.2015.1.1.0001
Jialin, S., Wu, Xavier F., Jingyan L. (2020). Tourists’ Pro-environmental Behaviors: Moral Obligation or Disengagement? Journal of Travel Research. 60(4), 735–748. doi: 10.1177/0047287520910787
José, M. R.A, Del, M., Alonso, M.A (2020). COVID-19 Impacts and Recovery Strategies: The Case of the Hospitality Industry in Spain. Sustainability. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/20/8599
Kangra (2018, March 16). Population Comparison 2001-2011 District Kangra. https://hpkangra.nic.in/document-category/district-profile/
Kangra (2018a, March 16). Rural Urban Population District Kangra. https:// hpkangra.nic.in/document-category/ district-profile/
Kangra (2018b, March 16). Tourism: District Kangra. https://hpkangra.nic.in/ document-category/district-profile/
Karan, P.P (1987). Population Characteristics of the Himalayan Region. Mountain Research and Development. 7(3), 271-278.
Kates, R.W. (2001). Sustainability Science. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. Luxenbourg, Austria.
Kaya, Y, Yokoburi, K. (1997). Environment, energy, and economy: strategies for sustainability. United Nations University Press. Tokyo.
Lariza, A. H, Pamela, W. (2017). The Impact of the Gig Economy on the Hospitality Industry. https://texaslodging.com/the-impact-of-the-gig-economy-on-the-hospitality-industry/
Leiper, N. (1979). The Framework of Tourism – Towards a Definition of Tourism, Tourist, and the Tourist Industry. Annals of Tourism Research. 1(4), 390-407.
Maohua, M. (2012). Human driving forces for ecosystem services in the Himalayan region. Environmental Economics. Environmental Economic. 3(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 324128941_Human_driving_forces_for_ecosystem_services_in_the_Himalayan_region
McCabe, S., Minnaret, L., Diekmann, A. (2011). Social Tourism Europe: Theory and Practice. In: Aspects of Tourism. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845412340
Mohammad, R.D, Waldemar, K., Sevil. S., Yorghos, A. (2020). The Hospitality Industry in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Current Topics and Research Methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/20/7366
Nabavi, R.T. (2012). Bandura's Social Learning Theory & Social Cognitive Learning Theory. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267750204_Bandura's_Social_Learning_Theory_Social_Cognitive_Learning_Theory
Naciye, G.U., Adem, A. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on global tourism industry: A cross-regional comparison. Tourism Management Perspectives. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100744
Ng, B., Ho,G. (2018). An Integrated Cognitive Perspective of Travel Motivation and Repeated Travel Behaviour. Annals of Cognitive Science. 1(2), 60-68.
NITI (2018). SDG India Index Baseline Report: NITI Aayog. www.niti.gov.in.
Nordhaus, D.N. (1996). Managing the Global Commons. The Economics of Climate Change. In Environment and Development Economics. MIT Press. 1(3), 381-384
NREGA (2005). Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act. Government of India, https://www.nrega.nic.in/netnrega/mgnrega_new/Nrega_home.aspx
O'Neill, Alexander; et al. (2020, 25 February). Establishing Ecological Baselines around a Temperate Himalayan Peatland. Wetlands Ecology & Management. 28 (2), 375–388. DOI: 10.1007/s11273-020-09710-7. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Himalayan_Region.
Penrose EET (1959, published November 30). The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Oxford Scholarship Online. DOI: 10.1093/0198289774
Planning Commission (2005). Himachal Pradesh Development Report. Natural Disaster Management. Government of India. Academic Foundation. 68-71
Planning Commission (2011). Report of the Working Group on Tourism for XII Five Year Plan (2011-2017). Ministry of Tourism. Government of India. http://planning commission.nic.in/aboutus/ committee/wrkgrp12/wgrep_tourism.pdf
Planning Commission, UNDP et.al. (2009). District Human Development Report. Planning Department, Himachal Pradesh. https://hpplanning.nic.in/HDR-Kangra.pdf
PTI (2020, March 12). Impact of coronavirus on Indian tourism could run into thousands of crores of rupees. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/impact-of-coronavirus-on-indian-tourism-could-run-into-thousands-of-crores-of-rupees/articleshow/74592482.cms
PTI (2020c, November 12). FICCI suggests measures for revival of tourism post-COVID lockdown. https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/nov/21/ficci-suggests-measures-for-revival-of-tourism-post-COVID-lockdown-2226207.html
PTI, Kabir B (2020a, May 11). International tourism could decline by 60-80 percent in 2020: U.N. https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/international-tourism-could-decline-by-60-80-per-cent-in-2020-un/story-SibDUF3FmL1NJ9crLZkFmN.html
PTI, Shivani K (2020b, December 12). For the hospitality and tourism sector, 2021 is all about survival, recovery. https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/for-hospitality-and-tourism-sector-2021-is-all-about-survival-recovery/story-ImZF1mNSJBEpbbvsngUI6M.html
Rashid, H.I. (2020). Coronavirus impacts tourist bookings in Ladakh. https://economictimes. indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/coronavirus-impacts-tourist-bookings-in-ladakh/articleshow/74527914.cms?from=mdr
Rawat, M. (2019). 16th Lok Sabha: How unused MPLAD funds grew by 214 percent in 5 years. India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/lok-sabha-mps-report-card-mplad-funds-unspent-amount-1487490-2019-03-29
Ray, S. (2018). Rs 12000 crore of M.P. funds lie unutilized. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes. com/india-news/rs-12-000-crore-of-mp-funds-lie-unutilised-uttar-pradesh-tops-list/story-qNsS9AZ941qeWUGm5fdqjK.html
Romero, K. (2015). The most restricted and forbidden places you cannot visit. Travel News. https://www.express.co.uk/travel/articles/625346/restricted-forbidden-places-you-can-t-visit-not-allowed
Roychoudhury, A. (2018). A Little more than Rs 120 billion of MPLAD funds lying unused. Business Standard. https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/report-flags-sorry-state-of-mplad-funds-as-over-rs-120-bn-remain-unused-118102100693_1.html
Seow, A.N., Choong, Y.O., Moorthy, K. and Choong, C.K. (2021). Predicting medical tourism behavioural intention using social cognition models. Tourism Review. 76(2), 374-391. doi: 10.1108/TR-06-2019-0267
Sharma, G.D., Asha, T., Justin, P. (2021). Reviving Tourism industry post-COVID-19: A resilience-based framework. Tourism Management Perspectives. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100786
Singh, G.V & Kortu, R. (2018). Sustainable Tourism in Indian Himalayan Region. Report of working group II. NITI Aayog. https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/ document_publication/Doc2.pdf
Singh, J.S. (2006). Sustainable development of Indian Himalayan region; Linking ecological and economic concerns. Current Science. 90(6), 784-788
Skavronskaya, L., Scott, N.& Boyle, Brent & Le, Dung & Hadinejad, Arghavan & Zhang, Rui & Gardiner, Sarah & Coghlan, Alexandra & Shakeela, Aishath. (2017). Cognitive psychology and tourism research: state of the art. Tourism Review. doi: 10.1108/TR-03-2017-0041.
Stern, N (2009). A Blueprint for a Safer Planet - How to Manage Climate Change and Create a New Era of Progress and Prosperity. Random House. London
Tang C.F., Tan E.C. (2015). Does tourism effectively stimulate Malaysia׳s economic growth? Tourism Management, 46 (2015), pp. 158-163
Tim, C., Colin, M.H, David, T.D (2006). Tourism and Post-Disciplinary Enquiry. Current Issues in Tourism. 9(4 & 5). doi: 10.2167/cit327.0
Tourist Beast, (n.d). Educational Tourism. https://tourismbeast.com/educational-tourism
Toynbee, A.J. (1987). A Study of History. Abridgement of Volumes I-VI by D.C Somervell. Oxford University Press. In UNWTO 2004, Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations- A Guidebook. WTO.
Vikrant, K., Sidharth, S. (2021). Hospitality and tourism industry amid COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives on challenges and learnings from India. International Journal of Hospitality Management. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102707
Wang, Sha & Hung, Kam & Huang, Wei-Jue. (2019). Motivations for entrepreneurship in the tourism and hospitality sector: A social cognitive theory perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 78-88. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.11.018.
Westcott, M. & Anderson, W. (Eds.). (2015). Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality in BC. Travel Services. https://opentextbc.ca/introtourism2e/
WTTC (2019). Travel & Tourism Economic Impact World. https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/regions-2019/world2019.pdf
Xavier, F., Lluis, G., Steve, J. (2016). A Social Cognitive Theory of sustainability empathy. Annals of Tourism Research. 58(C), 65-80. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2016.02.004
