LEADERSHIP STYLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE FIRMS
Keywords:
Leadership styles, Citizenship behavior, IT firms, SMEAbstract
The study is conducted to examine the relationship between leadership styles and citizenship behaviour in small and medium scale IT firms operating in Pakistan. The three popular styles of leadership which includes transactional leadership, transformational leadership and charismatic leadership have been studied along with organizational citizenship in 174 IT sector SMEs. This study has explored the correlation between leadership styles that proactively contributes to increase the organizational citizenship at all phases of employee’s behaviour. Statistical findings suggested that different leadership style have been followed at moderate level in small and medium scale IT firms of Pakistan and have strong relationship with organizational citizenship. Moreover, organizational citizenship is proactively contrasted with different leadership styles. This study also validate the assumption that due to the internationalization phenomena IT sector SMEs have been adopted and implemented the management functions in a more comprehensive manner then other service sector SMEs in Pakistan.
Downloads
References
Ababneh, O. M. A. (2009). The Impact of Leadership Styles and Leaders’ Competencies on Employees’ Job Satisfaction, Dissertation for Master of Human Resource Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Ali, A. (2009). The Role of Leadership in Human Resource Management a Comparative Study of Specific Public and Private Sectors in Pakistan, Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 5(2), pp.180-194.
Avolio, B. J., & Gibbons, T. C. (1988). Developing Transformational Leaders: A Life Span Approach. In J. A.Conger, & Kanungo, R. N. (ed.) Charismatic Leadership: The Elusive Factor in Organizational Effectiveness. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.
Babcock-Roberson, M. E. & Strickland, O. J. (2010). The Relationship between Charismatic Leadership, Work Engagement, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. The Journal of Psychology, 144(3), pp. 313-326.
Bateman, T. S. & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job Satisfaction and the Good Soldier: The Relationship between Affect and Citizenship. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), pp. 587-595.
Bass, B. M. (1985), Leadership and Performance, Free Press, New York.
Bass, B. M. (2008). The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications, Free Press.
Bass, B. M. & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational Leadership (2nd ed.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I. & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting Unit Performance by Assessing Transformational and Transactional Leadership, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), pp. 207-218.
Bennis, W. & Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: The Strategies For Taking Charge, New York: Harper.
Bensimon, E, M. (1989). Transactional, Transformational and “TransVigorational”. Leadership Abstract, 2(6). pp. 1.
Bhutta. M. Khurrum ., Rana, I. Arif ., & Asad, Usman., (2007), SCM practices and the health of the SMEs in Pakistan, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 12(6), pp. 412-422
Bhutta. M. Khurrum ., Rana, I. Arif ., and Asad, Usman., (2008), Owner characteristics and health of SMEs in Pakistan, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(1), pp. 130-149
Boerner, S., Dutschke, E. & Wied, S. (2008). Charismatic Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Examining the Role of Stressors and Strain, Human Resource Development International, 11(5), pp. 507-521.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel Selection in Organizations, pp. 71-98, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
Boseman, G. (2008). Effective Leadership in a Changing World, Journal of Financial Service Professionals, 62(3), pp.36-38.
Conger, J. A. (1989). The Charismatic Leader: Behind the Mystique of Exceptional Leadership. San Francisco, CA, Jossey Bass Publishers.
Cherry, B. L. (2007). Transformational versus Transaction Leadership. http://www.succeedtolead.org/pdfs/articles/leadership/Transformational-vs-Transactional_Leadership.pdf (DOR November 28, 2011)
Deluga, R. J. (1995). The Relationship between Attributional Charismatic Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(18), pp. 1652-1669.
Ehrhart, M. G. M. & Naumann, S. E. S. (2004). Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Work Groups: A Group Norms Approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), pp. 960-974.
Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership that Gets Results. Harvard Business Review, 78(2), pp. 78-90.
Ghouri, A. M., Khan, N. R., Malik, M. A. & Razzaq, A. (2011). Marketing Practices and Their Effects on Firm’s Performance: Findings from Small and Medium Sized Catering and Restaurants in Karachi, International Journal of Business and Management, 6(5), pp. 251-259
Gul, H. & Ince, M. (2011), An Empirical Research from Turkey to Determine the Relations between Leadership Styles and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, European Journal of Scientific Research, 52(4), pp. 528-552.
Howell, J. M. & Frost, P. J. U. (1989). A Laboratory Study of Charismatic Leadership, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43(2), pp. 243-269.
Katz, D. (1964), The Motivational Basis of Organizational Behavior, Behavioral Science, 9(2), pp.131-146.
Khan, N. R., (2011). HRM significance and SME sector, Business Recorder http://www.brecorder.com/component/news/single/626:news.html?id=1176724 (DOR December 04, 2011)
Khuhro, A. A. & Chandio, A. A. (2009). Charismatic Leader and Foreign Policy: A Case Study of Z.A Bhutto, European Journal of Social Sciences, 11(3), pp. 360-363.
Kuhnert, R., & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and Transformational Leadership: A Constructive/ Developmental Analysis. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), pp. 648-657.
Laohavichien, T., Fredendall, L. & Cantrell, R. (2009).The effects of transformational and transactional leadership on quality improvement, The Quality Management Journal, 16(2), pp. 7-24.
Lee, Y., Chiang, S., Chen, S. & Chen, P. (2010). The Moderating Effect of Employees' Personality on the Relationship between Charismatic Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Analysis of the High-Tech Firms in Southern Taiwan, Technology Management for Global Economic Growth (PICMET), 2010 Proceedings of PICMET, 10, pp. 1-7
Lord, R. G. & Maher, K. J. (1991). Leadership and Information Processing: Linking Perceptions and Performance. London: Routledge.
Malik, M. A., Khan, I, A., Bhutto, S. A. & Ghouri, A. M. (2011), Managerial Skills and Organizational Learning in SMEs of Pakistan, Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies, 2(4). pp. 61-69.
Ministry of Finance (2010). Economic Survey of Pakistan (2010), Government of Pakistan.
Morrison, E. W. (1994). Role Definitions and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Importance of the Employee's Perspective, The Academy of Management Journal 37(6), pp. 1543-1567.
Mosadegh, R. A., & Yarmohammadian, M. (2006). A Study of Relationship between Managers' Leadership Style and Employees' Job Satisfaction. Journal of Leadership in Health Services, 19(2), pp. 11-28.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington, MA, Lexington Books.
Organ, D. W., & Podsakoff, P. M. & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Paoching, C. & Chichun, H. (2009). The Relationship of Paternalistic Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Mediating Effect of Upward Communication, The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 5(2), pp. 66-73.
Pearce, C. L. & Herbik, P. A. (2004). Citizenship Behavior at the Tam Level of Analysis: The Effects of Team Leadership, Team Commitment, Perceived Team Support, and Team Size, The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(3), pp. 293-311
Piccolo, R. F. & Colquitt, J. A. (2006). Transformational Leadership and Job Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Core Job Characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 49(2), pp. 327-340.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B. ve W. H. Bommer, (1996). Transformational Leader Behaviors and Substitutes for Leadership as Determinants of Employee Satisfaction, Commitment, Trust, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, Journal of Management, 22(2), pp. 259-298.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R, (1990). Transformational Leader Behaviors and Their Effects on Followers’ Trust in Leaders, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), pp. 107-142
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational Leader Behaviors and their Effects on Followers’ Trust in Leader, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), pp. 107-142.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B. & D. G. Bachrach, (2000). Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Critical Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature and Suggestions for Future Research, Journal of Management, 26(3), pp. 513-563.
Rana, Arif., Khan, Jamshed., Asad, Usman., Mian, Sarfraz A., (2003) The SME Pulse: An Exploratory Study Of The Performance Of SME’s In Pakistan And The Characteristics Of Successful Firms. Lahore University of Management Sciences.
Rauf, M. A., Riemsdijk, M. J. V., Looise, J. K. (2010). Investigating Human Resource Management Formalization in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: The Case of the Readymade Garments Manufacturers and Exporters in Lahore, Pakistan. Conference Proceedings ICBT, Iqra University. http://www.iqraisb.edu.pk/icbte-old1/Proceeding_ICBTE_2010/Proceeding%20Papers/128.pdf (accessed October 11, 2011)
Riaz, A. & Haider, M. H. (2010). Role of Transformational and Transactional Leadership on Job Satisfaction and Career Satisfaction, BEH - Business and Economic Horizons, 1(1), pp. 29-38.
Rubin, R. B., Bommer, W. H., & Bachrach, D. G. (2010). Operant Leadership and Employee Citizenship: A Question of Trust? Leadership Quarterly, 21(3), pp. 400-408.
Sekaran, Uma. (2005). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, 1st ed, John Wiley & Sons.
Shamir, B., House, R. J. & Arthur, M. B. (1993). The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leaders: A Self-Concept Based Theory, Organizational Science, 4(4), pp. 577-594.
Shapiro, J. A. M., Kessler, I., & Purcell, J. (2004). Exploring Organizationally-Directed Citizenship Behaviour: Reciprocity Or it’s my Job?, Journal of Management Studies, 41(1), pp. 85-106.
Sosik, J. (2005). The Role of Personal Values in the Charismatic Leadership of Corporate Managers: A Model and Preliminary Field Study. Leadership Quarterly, 16(2), pp. 221- 244.
Tichy, N. & DeVanna, M. (1986). The Transformational Leader, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New Jersey.
Turnipseed, D. L. & Rassuli, A. (2005). Performance Perceptions of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors at Work: A Bi-Level Study among Managers and Employees. British Journal of Management, 16(3), pp. 231-244.
Waldman, D. A., Ramirez, G. G., House, R. J. & Puranam, P. (2001). Does Leadership Matter? CEO Leadership Attributes and Profitability under Conditions of Perceived Environmental Uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), pp. 134-143.
Walumbwa, F. O., Wu, C., & Orwa, B. (2008). Contingent Reward Transactional Leadership, Work Attitudes, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Role of Procedural Justice Climate Perceptions and Strength. Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), pp. 251- 265.
Wang, F. J., Chich-Jen, S. & T. Mei-Ling, (2010). Effect of Leadership Style on Organizational Performance as Viewed From Human Resource Management Strategy, African Journal of Business Management, 4(18), pp. 3924-3936.
