Gender Management and Behavioural Outcomes of Women at Work
Keywords:
Gender, Behavioural Outcomes, work- family life, Management, NigeriaAbstract
Working women have contributed immensely to the global economy and this research believes that these contributions should be enhanced for the human world to continue to progress in the right direction. This empirical work highlighted the issues bothering on the management of gender diversity and how they relate to the behavioural outcomes of women at work. Both quantitative and qualitative data were used in this research to allow for a proper triangulation of methodologies. The findings revealed, amongst others, a direct relationship between the Behavioural outcomes of women at work and Gender Management and recommends personalized hibernation amongst other recommendations.
References
Adekola,B. (2010). Interferences between Work and Family among Male and Female Executive in Nigeria. African Journal of Business Management, 4(6),1069-1077.
Akintayo, D. I. (2010). Work-family Role Conflict and Organizational Commitment Among Industrial Workers in Nigeria. Journal of Psychology and Counseling , 2(1),1-8, June.
Amstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A. & Semmer, N. K. (2011). A meta-analysis of Work–Family Conflict and Various Outcomes With A Special Emphasis On Cross-Domain Versus Matching-Domain Relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(2), 151-169. Doi: 10.1037/a0022170
Anugwom, E.E. (2009). Women, Education and Work in Nigeria. Educational Research and Review, 4(4),127-134, April.
Armour, S. (2002 ).Workers put family first Despite slow economy, Jobless Fears.USA Today. June 6.
Ball, J.A. (2008). Feminization of the Labor Force, Development, and Economic Reform: Effects on Job Segregation by Sex.The Journal of Developing Areas , 42(1),53-67,Fall.
Barling, J., Rogers, A.& Kelloway, E. (2001).Behind closed doors: In-home workers’ experience of sexual harassment and workplace violence. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 6, 255–269.
Black, M.M.&Holden, E.W. (1998). The impact of Gender on Productivity and Satisfaction Among Medical School Psychologists. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. March, 117 – 131.
Blasingame, B. (1995). Power and privilege beyond the invisible fence. In N. Tucker (Ed.), Bisexual politics: Theories, queries, and visions .229-240. New York: The Hawthorn Press.
Brief, A. P., Dietz, J., Cohen, R. R., Pugh, S. D. & Vaslow, J. B. (2000). Just doing business: Modern racism and obedience to authority as explanations for employment discrimination. Organizational Behaviours and Human Decision Processes, 81,72–97.
Byron,K. (2005). A Meta-analytic Review of Work-family Conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behaviour,67,169-198.
Campbell,C. &Deacon,H.(2006).Unraveling the Contexts of Stigma: From Internalisation to Resistance to Change. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology , September.
Chesler, P. (2001). Woman’s inhumanity to Woman. New York: Plume.
Cho, B. (2007). Individual Reactions to a Group Merger: An Integration of Relative Deprivation Theory and Social Identity Theory. Seoul Journal of Business, 13(1).
Cortina, L.M. (2008).Unseen Injustice: Incivility as Modern Discrimination in Organizations. Academy of Management Review,33 (1),55–75.
Cortina, L.M.; Lonsway, K.A. & Magley, V. J. ( 2004). Reconceptualizing Workplace incivility through the lenses of gender and race. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Chicago.
Cotter, D. A.; Hermsen, J. M.; Ovadia, S. & Vanneman, R. (2001). The Glass Ceiling Effect. Social Forces, 80,655-682.
Crosby, F. J. (1984).The Denial of Personal Discrimination. American Behavioural Scientist, 27: 371–386.
Crosby, F.J.; Iyer, A. & Sincharoen, S. (2006). Understanding Affirmative Action. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 585-611.
Ehigie, B. O.& Idemudia, V.O. (2000). Working Women and Exclusive Breastfeeding in Oyo State, Nigeria. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 1(1), 49-57.
Eagly,A. (1987). Sex Differences in Social Behaviour: A Social Role Interpretation. Hillsdale New Jersey:Eribaum.
Ely, R. J. (1995). The Power in Demography: Women's Social Construction Of Gender Identity At Work. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 589-634.
Fako,T.T (2010).Occupational Stress among University Employees in Botswana.European Journal of Social Sciences,15(3),313-326.
Fiske, S.T, Gilbert, D.T. & Lindzey, G. (2010). From Prejudice to Emotions. Handbook of Social Psychology, 5th ed. Volume 2. New Jersey. John Wiley and Sons.
Friedman,S.D. & Greenhaus, J.H. (2000). Work and family-Allies or enemies? New York: Oxford University Press.
Grandey,A.A.; Cordeiro,B.L.; & Crouter,A.C.(2005). A Longitudinal and Multi-Source Test of the Work–Family Conflict and Job Satisfaction Relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology ,78,1–20.
Greenhaus, J.H. & Powell,G. (2006). When Work and Family are Allies: A Theory of Work-Family Enrichment. Academy of Management Review.31,72-92.
Hall, D.T. & Chandler ,D.E.(2005).Psychological success: When the Career is a Calling. Journal of Organizational Behaviours, 26,155–176.
Halrynjo, S (2009). Men’s Work-Life Conflict: Career Care and Self – Realization: patterns of Privileges and Dilemmas, Gender, Work and Organization 16,(1).
Hardiman, R., & Jackson, B.W. (1980). Conceptual foundations for Social Justice Courses. In M. Adams, L.A. Bell, & P. Griffin (Eds.), Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice, 16-29. New York: Routledge.
Heilman, M.E. & Okimoto, T.G. (2008). Motherhood a Potential Source of Bias in Employment Decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology,93( 1 ), 189 – 198.
Hom, P.W., Robertson, L. & Ellis, A.D. (2008). Challenging Conventional Wisdom About Who Quits: Revelations from Corporate America. Journal of Applied Psychology. 93(1), 1-34.
Hoobler, J.M., Wayne, S.J. & Lemmon, G. (2009). Bosses' Perceptions of Family-Work Conflict and Women's Promotability: Glass Ceiling Effects. Academy of Management Journal, 52( 5), 939–957
Hymowitz,C. and Schellhardt, T.D. (1986). The Glass Ceiling, The Wall Street Journal: A special report—The corporate woman.( March 24), D1,4-5.
Kennedy, F. (1970). Institutionalized oppression vs. the Female. In R. Morgan (Ed.), Sisterhood is Powerful: An anthology of writings from the Women’s Liberation Movement 438-446. New York: Random House.
King, E. (2008). The effect of bias on the advancement of working mothers: Disentangling legitimate concerns from inaccurate stereotypes as predictors of advancement in academe. Human Relations, 61, 1677–1711.
Krejcie,R.V. & and Morgan, D.W. (1970).Determining Sample Size for Research Activities”. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30,607-610.
Labour Act CAP.L1 L.F.N. 2004. Laws of the Federation of Nigeria.
LePine, J.A, Erez, A & Johnson, D.E. (2002).The Nature and Dimensionality of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Applied Psychology. February, 52 – 65.
Lewis,S. (2001) Restructuring Workplace Cultures: The Ultimate Work-family Challenge? Women in Management Review, 16(1),21-29.
Lim, S., & Cortina, L. M.( 2004). A multi-level model of incivility in the workplace”. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, New Orleans.
Mainiero,L.A. & Sullivan,S.E. (2005). Kaleidoscope Careers: An alternate Explanation for the “opt-out” Revolution. Academy of Management Executive,19(1),106-120.
Major, B. N., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005). The Social Psychology Of Stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56,393-421.
Martin, J. (1981). Relative Deprivation: a theory of Distributive Injustice for an era of Shrinking Resources. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behaviours, 3,53−107, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Mattis, M.C.(2002). Best Practices for retaining and advancing women professional and managers.In R.J Burke and d,L, Nelson (Eds.) Advancing Women”s Careers: Research and Practice:309-322.Malden MA:Blackwell
McGinn, K.(2010). Gender Matters in the Workplace”. The Women and Public Policy Program.4, Spring.
Merton, R.K.(1938). Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review, 3,672-682.
Michel, J.S.; Mitchelson,J.K.; Pichler,S. & Cullen,K.L. (2010).Clarifying Relationships among Work and Family Social Support, Stressors, and Work–Family Conflict. Journal of Vocational Behaviours ,76 ,91–104.
Miner-Rubino, K., & Cortina, L. M. (2006. Observed incivility toward women at work: The role of organizational justice. Paper presented at the APA/NIOSH Work, Stress and Health Conference, Miami.
Momoh,A.M. (2008). Gender Participation In Trade Unionism In Southwest Nigeria” International Journal of African and African American Studies ,VII( 2), July.
Morrison, R. (2007). Gender Differences in the Relationship between Workplace Friendships and Organizational Outcome”. Faculty Of Business Research Paper Series 33-2007 , Auckland University of Technology, Auckland ,New Zealand., .1-31.
Nwachukwu, C. C. (2000). The Challenges of Managing in Nigerian Work Environment: The Human Resources Factor”. Inaugural Lecture Series No. 24. University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Olanrewaju,A.S. & Yetunde, I.R. (2011). The Effects of Gender, Gender Role Orientation and Attachment of Labels on the Evaluation of Class Leaders. New York Science Journal,4(2),68-73.
Olorunfemi,D.Y. (2009). Family-Work Conflict, Information Use, and Social Competence: A Case Study of Married Postgraduate Students in the female executives in Nigeria. African Journal of Business Management, 4(6), 1069-1077, June.
Pearson, C. M., & Porath, C. L. (2004). On Incivility, Its Impact, and Directions for Future Research. In R. W. Griffin and A. M. O’Leary-Kelly (Eds.), The Dark Side Of Organizational Behaviours: 403–425. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Pincus,F.L.(2003). Reverse Discrimination: Dismantling the Myth. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Public Service Rules (2008). Civil Service Handbook: Guidelines for Appointments, Promotion and Discipline.
Sharma,N. & Singh,V.K. (2016). Effect of Workplace Incivility on Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intentions in India, South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 5( 2,),234-249.
Stone,E.A. (2007). Women and Workplace Communication: A Study of Horizontal Hostility. An unpublished Master’s Thesis. Oregon State University.
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999). as Amended in 2011.Lagos: The Federal Government Press
Tsui, A. S., Eagan, T. D., & O’Reilly, C. A. (1992). Being Different: Relational Demography and Organizational Attachment’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37,549–579.
Weiss, E.M. Kemmler, G., Deisenhammer, E.A., Fleischhacker, W.W. & Delazer, M. (2003).Sex Differences in Cognitive Functions, Personality and Individual Differences. September, 853 – 875.
Wharton, A. S., & Baron, J. N. (1991). Satisfaction? The Psychological Impact of Gender Segregation on Women At Work. The Sociological Quarterly,32 , 365-387.
White, J. B.; Langer, E. J.; & Schmitt, M. T. (2006). Horizontal Hostility: Multiple minority groups and differentiation from the mainstream. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations,6,339-358.
World Bank Indicators for Nigeria (2017). http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Nigeria/indicators/[accessed 1 February, 2018].
