Performance Metrics of Unlevered Firms- An industry wise Analysis

Authors

  • Dr. Theresa Nithila Vincent Professor, Department of Commerce, Christ University, Bangalore, India.
  • Shilpa Shree P PG Scholar, Department of Commerce, Christ University, Bangalore, India.
  • K. Katini PG Scholar, Department of Commerce, Christ University, Bangalore, India.

Keywords:

Capital Structure, Zero Debt, Financial Leverage, Financial Performance, Corporate Finance

Abstract

Finance managers are always confronted with a dilemma regarding choosing the right source of finance to fund their business projects. Theoretically they may be guided by the various capital structure theories that purport the use of adequate proportion of debt and equity funds in the capital structure. A finance manager who is facing the debt-equity dilemma and favours an all equity stake, can draw inferences from studying the performance of various debt free firms before taking a decision. This paper compares the financial performance metrics of unlevered firms vis-a-vis their industry averages and attempts to identify certain commonalities among them that steers them toward higher returns for the company and to the shareholders. The result indicates most of the performance ratios of unlevered firms are on par with the industry averages. However, debt-free firms had lower PB ratio and Asset Tangibility when compared to the industry.

References

Agrawal, A., &Jayaraman, N. (1994). The Dividend Policies of All-Equity Firms: A Direct Test of the Free Cash Flow Theory. Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 139-148.

Agrawal, A., &Nagarajan, N. J. (Sep 1990). Corporate Capital Structure, Agency Costs, and Ownership Control: The Case of All-Equity Firms. The Journal of Finance, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 1325-1331.

Ajao, O. S., &Ema, I. U. (Feb 2013). International Pragmatic Review and Assessment of Capital Structure Determinants. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, Kuwait Chapter. Vol.2, No.6; pp.82-95.

Alhashel, B. ( 2015). Capital structure of firms when taxes are removed. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 51-63.

Almeida, H., &Campello, M. (Sep 2007). Financial Constraints, Asset Tangibility, and Corporate Investment. The Review of Financial Studies, Vol.20, No.5, pp.1429-1460.

Alti, A. (Aug 2006). How Persistent Is the Impact of Market Timing on Capital Structure? The Journal of Finance, Vol.61, No 4, pp.1681-1710.

Bhandari, L. C. (Jun 1988). Debt/Equity Ratio and Expected Common Stock Returns: Empirical Evidence. The Journal of Finance, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 507-528.

Brav, O. ( 2009). Access to Capital, Capital Structure, and the Funding of the Firm. The Journal of Finance, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 263-308.

Byoun, S., & Xu, Z. (2013). Why Do Some Firms Go Debt Free? Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies, Vol 42, pp.1-38.

Canarella, G., Nourayi, M., & Sullivan, M. J. (2014). An alternative test of the trade-off theory of capital structure. Contemporary Economics, Vol. 8 No.4, pp.356-386.

Campello, M. (2005). Asset Tangibility and Corporate Performance under External Financing. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-28.

Chen, Y., Zhang, X., & Liu, Z. (2014). Manager Characteristics and the Choice of Firm “Low Leverage”: Evidence from China. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, Vol 4; 573-584.

Dang, V. A. (2009). An empirical analysis of zero-leverage and ultra-low leverage firms: Some UK evidence. Manchester Business School Working Paper, No. 584, pp.1-45.

Deb, S. G., & Banerjee, P. (2015). Equity Performance of Zero-debt Firms vis-à-vis Their Leveraged Counterparts. Global Business Review, Vol 16 No.5 pp.800–811.

Devos, E., Dhillon, U., Jagannathan, M., & Krishnamurthy, S. (2012). Why are firms unlevered? Journal of Corporate Finance, Vol.18,No.3 pp.664-682.

Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (2002). Testing Trade-Off and Pecking Order Predictions about Dividends and Debt. The Review of Financial Studies, Vol.15, No. 1, pp.1-33.

Ferrão, J., Curto, J. D., & Gama, A. P. (2016). Low-leverage policy dynamics: an empirical analysis. Review of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp.463-483.

Fosberg, R. H. (April 2010). A Test Of The M&M Capital Structure Theories. Journal of Business & Economics Research, Vol 8; No 4 pp. 23-28.

Ganguli, S. K. (2013). Capital structure – does ownership structure matter? Theory and Indian Evidence.Studies in Economics and Finance, Vol. 30 No. 1, pp.56-72.

Ghose, B., &Kabra, K. C. (2016). What determines firms’ zero-leverage policy in India? Managerial Finance, Vol. 42 No. 12, pp. 1138-1158.

Groth, J. C., & Anderson, R. C. (1997). Capital structure: perspectives for managers. Management Decision, Vol. 35, No 7, pp.552-561.

Iona, A., Leonida, L., &Ozkan, A. (January 9, 2004). Determinants of financial conservatism: Evidence from low-leverage and cash-rich UK firms. Discussion Paper in Economics, pp.1-36.

Jensen, M. C. (May 1986). Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers. The American Economic Review, Vol.76, No. 2, pp.323-329.

Jensen, M. C., &Meckling, W. H. (Oct 1976). Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, Vol.3, No.4, pp.305-360.

Khalsa, D. A. (2010). Capital structure: a sectoral case study of Indian corporate (Period- 2004-06). Summer Internship Society, Vol 2, No.1, pp.25-33.

Koralun-Bereźnicka, J. (2013). How Does Asset Structure Correlate with Capital Structure? – Cross-Industry and Cross-Size Analysis of the EU Countries. Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance,1(1): 19-28. doi:10.13189/ujaf.2013.010103

Lee, H., & Moon, G. (2011). The long-run equity performance of zero-leverage firms. Managerial Finance, Vol. 37 No. 10,pp. 872-889.

Manos, R., Murinde, V., & Green, C. J. (2007). Leverage and business groups: Evidence from Indian firms. Journal of Economics and Business, pp.443-465.

Martin, J. D., Scott, D. F., & Jr. (1974). A Discriminant Analysis of the Corporate Debt-Equity Decision. Wiley on behalf of the Financial Management Association International, pp. 71-79.

Minton, B. A., &Wruck, K. H. (2001). Financial Conservatism: Evidence on Capital Structure from Low Leverage Firms. SSRN Electronic, pp.1-26.

Modigliani, F., & Miller, M. H. (Jun 1958). The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment. The American Economic Review, Vol.48, No 3, pp.261-297.

Muradoglua, G., &Sivaprasadb, S. (2009). Using Firm-Level Leverage as an Investment Strategy. SSRN Electronic, pp.1-33.

Nivoix, S. (2004). Dividend Pay-Outs and Leverage in Japanese Firms. Asian Business & Management, Vol 4, pp.185-203.

Nixon, W. R., & Bacon, F. (2012). Debt and dividend decisions: stock vs. Non-stock firms. Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences, Vol 24, No 3; pp. 17-29.

Sharper Insight. Smarter Investing. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/

Strebulaev, I. A., & Yang, B. (2013). The mystery of zero-leverage firms. Journal of Financial Economics, pp.1-23.

Wang, Z., & Zhu, W. (2013). Equity financing constraints and corporate capital structure: a model. China Finance Review International, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 322-339.

Zaher, T. S. (2010). Performance of debt-free firms. Managerial Finance, Vol. 36 No. 6, pp.491-501.

Downloads

Published

23-10-2021

How to Cite

Dr. Theresa Nithila Vincent, Shilpa Shree P, & K. Katini. (2021). Performance Metrics of Unlevered Firms- An industry wise Analysis. International Journal of Management Studies (IJMS), 5(1(3), 13–21. Retrieved from https://researchersworld.com/index.php/ijms/article/view/1623

Issue

Section

Articles